I do not care for the consumer routers, but if you must doo file sharing, then you really should be using a router. This keeps your NetBIOS calls local and does not propogate that to the ISP's router.
Even if you managed to get it working without a router (I could tell you how) anyone on your subnet could gain access to your computers.
Good to hear Comcast is blocking those ports, finally. They have no business being opened to the Internet.