Author Topic: Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns  (Read 2564 times)

Offline Kweassa

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« on: December 03, 2004, 09:39:41 PM »
Did the tests again under new settings.  

 In the previous thread, Hitech explained that the stall limiter doesn't take into account factors such as slats. Thus, he has recommended that the stall limiter(hereafter SL) setting be altered on some planes that cannot handle full stick defelction on minimal settings.

 Thus, the new test criteria is as follows:

-------------------------------------------------------------
* Tested planes: Bf109G-6, P-47D-11, P-51D
* All planes have maximum internal fuel load.
* Fuel burn set to minimum
* Test altitude at 200ft ASL
* P-51D and P-47D uses SL setting of 0.05
* Bf109G-6 uses SL setting of 1.0
* All planes were turned to its left
* All planes use full military power, no WEP
* The turns were stabilized with alt loss/gain of less than 50ft for 360 degrees full circle
* Speed and G loading was measured
-------------------------------------------------------------


Test Results



 The standard E-M Diragram was used for measuring turn rate for given speed and G loading.


P-47D-11, no flaps
- 145mph TAS(212ft/s), 1.9G
- 14.3 degrees per second turn rate
- 25.1 seconds for full 360 turn
- turning circle: 1773.1 yards

P-47D-11, full flaps
- 110mph TAS(161.3ft/s), 1.6G
- 17.3 degrees per second turn rate
- 20.8 seconds for full 360 turn
- turning circle: 1118.3 yards

P-51D, no flaps
- 157mph TAS(230.2ft/s), 2G
- 14 degrees per second turn rate
- 25.7 seconds for full 360 turn
- turning circle: 1972yd circle

P-51D, full flaps
- 120mph(176ft/s), 1.9G
- 17.2 degrees per second turn rate
- 20.9 seconds for full 360 turn
- turning circle: 1226.1 yards

Bf109G-6, no flaps
- 152mph(222.9ft/s), 2.3G
- 16.9 degrees per second turn rate
- 21.3 seconds for full 360 turn
-  turning circle: 1582.5 yards

Bf109G-6, full flaps
- 130mph(190.6ft/s), 2G
- 16.6 degrees per second turn rate
- 21.6 seconds for full 360 turn
- turning circle: 1372.3 yards


Planes in order of best turn rate under normal circumstances

1. Bf109G-6 (16.9d/s)
2. P-47D-11 (14.3d/s)
3. P-51D (14d/s)


Planes in order of smallest turning circle under normal circumstances

1. Bf109G-6 (1582.5yds)
2. P-47D-11 (1773.1yds)
3. P-51D (1972yds)


Planes in order of best turn rate under full flap usage

1. P-47D-11 (17.3d/s)
2. P-51D (17.2d/s)
3. Bf109G-6 (16.6d/s)


Planes in order of smallest turning circle under full flap usage

1. P-47D-11, (1118.3 yards)
2. P-51D, (1226.1 yards)
3. Bf109G-6, (1372.3 yards)



Conclusion and Analogy

 This test does not represent the optimum turning rates of any of the planes given. It compares the turn rates, turning circle, and turning speed of the planes when it enters a contest of the tightest turn possible.

1. SL settings and Slats

 The difference in SL settings needs some explanation. The P-47 and the P-51 can both handle a SL setting of 0.05, which means these planes can fly at 0.05 degrees before reaching critical AoA.

 The Bf109G-6, in the very first tests used the same 0.05 setting. However, Hitech's comments confirm that this is not an accurate representation of critical AoA in certain settings.

 The Bf109G-6 used 1.0 setting. Above approximately 0.3 setting, the Bf109G-6 still encountered noticeable destabilization in the roll and yax axis, but the effect could be controlled, and the plane continued turning in an oscillation of flight path.

 At SL setting of 1.0, the turning path did not oscillate, and the Bf109G-6 could maintain a stable turn throughout the whole 360degrees. Thus, in a technical sense, it could be set that at SL settings between 0.3 and 1.0, the Bf109G-6 was flying in a controlled stall status.

 Therefore, my initial suspicions that the Bf109 was stalling before its critical AoA, is proven to be false. The 109 was not stalling before critical AoA when it wobbled around. It actually exceeded its critical AoA which it could maintain a stable turn, and was turning in a wobbly, unstable flight path.

 This means the critical AoA of the Bf109G-6 is in reality, 1 degrees before the AoA set by the stall limiter to be "critical".

 While the Bf109 does stal, the neutralizing effects of the slats enable them to continue maneuvering in a stalled status - therefore, the Bf109G-6 can "mush through" the turn about 0.7 degrees over its critical AoA. Over 0.7 degrees critical AoA, and even the slats cannot prevent any more serious destabiliztion, thus, the turn is interrupted.


2. Comparisons in turning abilities

 Under normal circumstances, it is confirmed that theoretically, the Bf109G-6 will outturn the P-47 and the P-51.

 However, once the contest reaches an extreme point where flaps are to be used, the P-47 and the P-51 will outturn the Bf109G-6.

  It is true, that the above explained effect of slats will enable a Bf109 to turn "tighter" by "mushing" through stalls. Therefore, in actual practice there is a possibility that the Bf109G-6 will overcome the stated figures and numbers above, utilize the "mushing", and outturn the P-47 or the P-51.

 However, for that theory to be valid it needs a premise that the P-47 and P-51 will be interrupted in their turns immediately when it too, reaches critical AoA. The beneficial effects of the slats will enable the Bf109G-6 to maneuver over its critical AoA. However, there are no guarantees that the same may not hold true for the P-51 and the P-47.

 While it is questionable and/or presumable that the P-47 or the P-51 may not be able to tolerate a stalling status for such a long time as the Bf109G, it remains that the P-47 and P-51 can also continue maneuvering under stalled status for a certain period of time - which is ofcourse, up to the pilot. The "tricks" in turn fighting which a Bf109 may use, can be also used for the P-51D or the P-47D.

 Thus, in a prolonged battle of such harsh maneuvering, the contestants will be forced into a fight to turn tightest as possible - which flaps will take serios part in.

 Once such maneuvering contest begins, the P-51D and the P-47D is superior over the Bf109G-6 in overall ease of such maneuvering(due to its very large advantage stability), and actual/absolute numbers. The P-47D and the P-51D, will outturn the Bf109G-6 for sure, and it will do so with much less effort than the Bf109G-6 pilot has to muster, to simply try to keep with those planes.

 It is interesting to note that while the differences are very small, the P-47D-11 will outmaneuver the P-51D, which is generally thought to hold a certain advantage over its predecessor workhorse in the European theater. If we take into account a certain margin of errors, it could be said that the P-47D-11, at least turns as good as a P-51D.

 Since a close-combat includes much more factors than turning, in a tactical sense the P-51D can be considered superior to the P-47D thanks to its other traits such as climb or speed. However, in pure maneuvering the P-47 and the P-51D does not show any large differences.

 Also, another thing to note is that the stall limiter will generally make it easier for a pilot to reach the extreme limits of the plane's envelope - as he needs not worry about going over it.

 The implications are clear.

 The test conditions are more or less purely theoretic, and will be a valid comparison when we expect all of the pilots to push the plane to its limits to the extreme. In a more general, conceivable case, usually an average pilot in the P-47, P-51, or the Bf109G-6, will not be able to achieve such results.

 However, the relative ease of flight characteristics makes it presumable that the P-51 or the P-47, will be able to push further near the limits on a more regular basis, than compared to the Bf109.

 Therefore, in overall conclusion, about half of my initial claims need to be dropped, and half of them still remain.

 There is nothing wrong with how the slats are working, and the slats will help a pilot push over the limits of the 109(albeit with a certain risk).

 However, in slow-speed maneuvering contests, the P-47 and/or the P-51 is still superior to the Bf109G upto an uncomfortable level. Only under normal conditions will the Bf109 really outturn any of them.

 Considering the fact that both adversaries of the Bf109 can start deployment of its flaps at least 200mph IAS before the Bf109, it is highly likely that the Bf109 will never gain any kind of real 'edge' when it comes to low speed fights with these planes.

 The only arsenal left for the Bf109, other than the wits of the pilot, is its ability in climb and acceleration. In a loose sense, there is about the Bf109 to be considered "superior" to the P-51 or the P-47, when it comes to pure maneuvering performance.

Offline ra

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #1 on: December 03, 2004, 09:47:57 PM »
Quote
* All planes have maximum internal fuel load.

This might explain the P-47D11 v P-51D.  Have you tried using less than full flaps on the 109 to see if it will turn better?

Offline Urchin

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #2 on: December 03, 2004, 09:57:12 PM »
I've been flying the 109E, and I noticed it really doesn't have any instability at all when dropping through the 180-200 mph mark.  It seems solid as a rock through that range, down around 100 mph it will get a little wiggly if you are a bit to hamfisted with it though.  

The P-47 has always been able to turn just about as well as a P-51D.. it just can't hold the turn as long.  You end up bleeding out all your speed and making incredibly small circles going about 100 mph.. in other words you are a hovering target, basically.  The P-51 will have a larger turning circle at that point, but it will get around that circle faster and be able to use that extra speed to go vertical some, if it so chooses.

Offline Kweassa

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #3 on: December 03, 2004, 11:00:45 PM »
Quote
This might explain the P-47D11 v P-51D. Have you tried using less than full flaps on the 109 to see if it will turn better?


 Unfortunately I didn't.

 I'm not sure if we can assume a linear increase or decrease with flap usage and flight status, but if it works that way, the difference of turn rate between normal and full flaps is mere 0.3 degrees per second. Difference in the circumference of the turning circle at rougly 200 yards.

 Thus, at first notch of flaps I am guessing the results would be around 16.8d/s turn rate and reduction of 50 yards in turn circle(1530yds).

 In other words, unlike the P-47 the flaps hardly help with turning in case of the 109. The turn rate remains constant, or has actually decreased with flap on the 109. In comparison, the rates increased by full 3 degrees per second on the P-47.

 By the same assumption, a P-51D with first notch of flaps would be at around 14.6 d/s turn rate with a circle of 1820yds.

 A P-47D with first notch of flaps would be around 15 d/s turn rate with a circle of 1640yds.

 Since at normal status a Bf109G-6 is at 16.9 d/s with a circle of 1582, a Bf109G-6 still turns better than a P-47 or a P-51D with first notch of flaps.

 But if we take into account the difference in stability and ease of handling, in many cases a first notch P-47 or P-51 would match a Bf109, although a prolonged status would amplify the differences in the turning circle a bit (however, when the turn is prolonged the P-47 or P-51 has but to increase the flaps to level 2 or 3, and it will be able to follow a 109) - since a turn fight is a downhill slide in speed and stability.

 
Quote
The P-47 has always been able to turn just about as well as a P-51D.. it just can't hold the turn as long. You end up bleeding out all your speed and making incredibly small circles going about 100 mph.. in other words you are a hovering target, basically. The P-51 will have a larger turning circle at that point, but it will get around that circle faster and be able to use that extra speed to go vertical some, if it so chooses.


 Not so in this case.

 Take into account that this is a full-bore, sustained turn test. At full flaps the P-47 has roughly the same turn rate as the P-51.

 The P-47 has a turning circle which is 100 yards shorter. The P-51D in this sustained motion will turn 10mph faster than the P-47, the size of the turning circle is in direct proportion larger than the P-47. In effect, it is like two linear points on a spinning disk which spins at a same rate.

 So essentially, not only does the P-47 turns exactly as good as the P-51, but it also can hold that turn indefinately.


 Granted, this is the P-47D-11 which is under the test. The D-11 is reported to be markedly better in overall handling than the D-25 or the D-40, according to AH P-47 experts.

 However, the D-11 is itself a late war plane intoduced in 1944(by a standard of '39~'41 being "early", '42~'43 being "mid", and '44~'45 being "late").

 A typical P-47 which a typical Bf109G would have faced in 1943 would be a model earlier than the D-11. So in putting the familiar pilots' anecdotes to the test, a D-11 is a better source for comparison than either the D-25 or the D-40.

 And in that comparison, at least in AH2, the well known anecdotes of Bf109s having an advantage in turns, has turned out to be not true.

 Three possibilities:

1) the P-47 pilots of real life never used the "combat flaps" in combat

2) the AH2 P-47s turns too well

3) WW2 pilots of both sides lied when they said the P-47 was disadvantaged in maneuverability.
« Last Edit: December 03, 2004, 11:09:06 PM by Kweassa »

Offline GRUNHERZ

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #4 on: December 04, 2004, 12:10:02 AM »
Does full fuel on P51D mean full aft tank? You know, the one that made the plane  unstable even to the point of being dangerous?

Offline Kweassa

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #5 on: December 04, 2004, 02:32:08 AM »
Yes Grun, the P-51D was tested with full aft tanks.

 I'm no aerodynamics expert, nor really familiar with the dynamics of the P-51, but at any rate, the state of aft tanks being full, is apparently not very dangerous at all.

 Even with the full aft tanks the P-51D still had no problems in approaching 0.05 before critical AoA, nor did it turn worse than the 109.

 If we take into account P-47s and P-51s were operating deep inside Germany, and often had less than full fuel, the difference between the 109 and those two planes would widen up even more.

 Ofcourse, to the pilots with some experience in the P-51, that extra 25% fuel at the aft tanks might mean a big difference in handling. But nevertheless, the AH2 P-51D still won't have much problem in matching a 109 in a turn contest, whether the aft tank is empty or full.

Offline HoHun

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Re: Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #6 on: December 04, 2004, 05:19:19 AM »
Hi Kweassa,

>

Interesting comparison!

I've got to admit that I haven't understood the difference between the 5-3 transition and the 4-1 or 6-2 transitions, though.

With regard to flaps, less than full flaps might be optimum. Especially the P-51 with its split flaps might be penalized in this comparison.

Regards,

Henning (HoHun)

Offline MiloMorai

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #7 on: December 04, 2004, 11:12:19 AM »
Quote
Originally posted by Kweassa
Yes Grun, the P-51D was tested with full aft tanks.

 I'm no aerodynamics expert, nor really familiar with the dynamics of the P-51, but at any rate, the state of aft tanks being full, is apparently not very dangerous at all.

 


Maybe not in AH but in real life it sure was. http://www.zenoswarbirdvideos.com/Images/P-51/P-51OLL.gif

Offline Crumpp

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #8 on: December 04, 2004, 01:16:46 PM »
Quote
However, the D-11 is itself a late war plane intoduced in 1944(by a standard of '39~'41 being "early", '42~'43 being "mid", and '44~'45 being "late").


Interesting.  I have always understood the P-47D-11 was a P47D-4 with a hardpoint and automatic water injection.

Quote
All early Thunderbolts used the R-2800-21 engine. Water injection capability was added to this engine beginning with the D-4-RA and D-5-RE production blocks.


 
Quote
In the D-5-RE, D-6-RE, and D-10-RE (D-4-RA, production bolcks, the pilot manually controlled the water flow of the injector, but the injection procedure was automatically- controlled on the D-11-RE (D-11-RA) and subsequent blocks. This happened when the throttle was pushed forward into its last half-inch of travel.


Quote
Shackles for a belly tank or a 500-pound bomb were added to P-47D-5-RE (D-11-RA) and later blocks.


http://home.att.net/~jbaugher1/p47_4.html

Anybody care to elaborate on the differences between the P47D4 and P47D11?  The engine and airframe are the same correct?

Crumpp

Offline Kweassa

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #9 on: December 04, 2004, 04:32:23 PM »
Quote
Interesting comparison!

I've got to admit that I haven't understood the difference between the 5-3 transition and the 4-1 or 6-2 transitions, though.

With regard to flaps, less than full flaps might be optimum. Especially the P-51 with its split flaps might be penalized in this comparison.


 Hmm.. since you're often knowledgable about these head-hurting math stuff :D, would you have a recommendation on specifically which conditions I should test out?

Offline Badboy

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #10 on: December 04, 2004, 06:10:07 PM »
Hi,

I Just noticed that you guys were discussing the P-47D11 and the Me109G6 and I recall doing an analysis of those aircraft, so here are the results I came up with. This EM diagram shows that in a clean configuration, with both aircraft on 25% fuel at Sea Level, they both have a very similar stall boundary, and thus a very similar turn radius, but that the G6 has a far superior sustained turn rate. You can see from the diagram, that the G6’s sustained turn rate exceeds the D11 by more than three degrees per second, which would be decisive in combat.  



However, before the fight could reach a decisive stage, the pilots involved would almost certainly use flaps, so I looked at some other configurations. This diagram shows that if the D11 driver uses one notch of flaps and wep, while the G6 driver with gun pods loaded doesn’t, the situation improves dramatically for the D11, which now has a slightly tighter turn radius to the G6 and almost identical sustained turn rate.  



The G6 driver wouldn’t allow that situation to continue for long, and would soon use wep and lower a notch of flaps. That situation is shown below. Notice that the G6 has now recovered the turn radius deficit and has a sustained turn rate advantage again, but now only a little more than one degree per second, just enough to eventually get the kill in a protracted engagement.  



To illustrate that situation, here is the turn circle comparison:



Of course, just to make life confusing, there are times when the same configuration might lead to a very different analysis, say for instance if the two aircraft had very different fuel loads, as often happens in the arena. This next diagram shows what would happen if the P-47D11 was down to 15% fuel, while the G6 had 50% fuel remaining. Notice that this is now almost an even fight with a very small turn radius advantage to P-47. In this situation the would be advised to go one circle, and lower another notch of flaps to tighten the turn even more.  




Here is a comparison of the G6 and the P-51D, with clean configuration. The G6 has a turn radius and turn rate advantage here.  



Now with the G6 loaded with gun pods and ammo:



The P-51 does much better now, but still concedes a small turn radius and sustained turn rate advantage to the G6, and off course the P-51 and G6 drivers would both begin to use flaps, and so the analysis continues…

Now, those diagrams are based on AH1, and I haven’t had time to do very much AH2 stuff yet, so I can’t say if they have changed or not. Anyway, I thought you guys might find that stuff interesting anyway.

Hope it helps…

Badboy
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Offline GRUNHERZ

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #11 on: December 04, 2004, 06:58:27 PM »
AH2 has dramatrically changed stall and low speed behavior so I think those tests are outdated.

Offline StarOfAfrica2

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #12 on: December 05, 2004, 11:51:54 AM »
Quote
Originally posted by GRUNHERZ
AH2 has dramatrically changed stall and low speed behavior so I think those tests are outdated.


Aye, I have to agree.  I've used your charts many a time in the past Badboy, both to make decisions on loadouts and in teaching newer pilots, but I'd no more use 109 data from AH1 for this than I would use data from AW or WB.  A matter of a couple of degrees per second, even if its only one degree per second, might seem miniscule to most folks; but when you are talking about surviving or not surviving a stall fight that might already be close, it becomes major.  

I think the biggest thing to take from Kweassa's tests is that while the 109 might hold an edge or be even in most of the tests, the destabilization that occurs allows the P-51 or P-47 pilot a chance to gain on the 109; or if the contest was already close, allow him to take the kill shot.  After a few seconds, anyone who flies the 109 much will regain control (with some fast rudder usage and finding the "balance point"), but those precious seconds are usually all the guy behind needs when his plane does NOT destablize in this manner.

Offline HoHun

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #13 on: December 05, 2004, 01:13:56 PM »
Hi Kweassa,

>Hmm.. since you're often knowledgable about these head-hurting math stuff :D, would you have a recommendation on specifically which conditions I should test out?

I'm afraid I can't help you much.

For the real-world Mustang, there was a special manoeuvre flap setting that probably was chosen as compromise that was good for most combat situations, so that might be a useful starting point.

I'd expect turn rates to increase with flap deflection up to a certain point, and then to drop off with further deflection increases.

You already have results for 0% and for 100% flaps, so it might be best to try something like 30% and 70%. If you get two adjacent flap deflections with about equal turn rate, you could try the intermediate flap deflection and expect maximum turn rate there.

A lot of work, I'm afraid :-)

Regards,

Henning (HoHun)

Offline Angus

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Tests and Conclusions about 109 turns
« Reply #14 on: December 05, 2004, 01:45:24 PM »
1 notch of flaps should put the Mustang in to the tightest possible turn.
Combat setting.
It was very interesting to carry out the flight trials at Rechlin with the Spitfire and the Hurricane. Both types are very simple to fly compared to our aircraft, and childishly easy to take-off and land. (Werner Mölders)