Originally posted by john9001
judges cannot put news laws in the Constitution, only congress and the people can do that.
Actually the Constitution can only be amended through Art. V . Statutes passed by Congress are subject to the Constitution, not added to it. As for "people" passing federal law. To date the U.S. does not have a national inititive, so technically the plebicite cannot enacct laws.
Mini D
Does this apply to state level mandates too?
Depends. The Court said, under the Sixth Amnd, that one can only be sentenced for a crime they either pled guilty to, or were convicted for "beyond a reasonable doubt." In the federal system a judge could "enhance" a sentence for conduct the judge found by a preponderance of the evidence, e.g. the criminal was the "ring leader." So if the state system allows for enhancements then yes it applies.
Note that Congress can still prescribe a range of punishment by statute that a Court must apply--maybe. The thing is that the Court and Congress have reallly thrown a monkey wrench into the fed. crim. system.