Grmrpr, a near miss (I mean close enough to splash water on a ship)
will do a lot of damage to the ship. Sprung hull plates, damaged
frames and so on. In the 1920's, when Gen. Billy Mitchell was
trying to prove that an airplane could sink a Battleship, they found
that direct hits messed up the upper works of the ship and made
it useless as a combat platform, but they did not sink it. On the
second day of the test they tried near misses, the shock from the
explosions stove in the sides of the battleship and it sank in a
couple of minutes. A torpedo works this way too, it does not penetrate
the side of the target ship, it explodes on contact, outside the
hull. Or with a magnetic exploder, underneath the ship.
I'm going out to find a link for those tests, if I find it, I will post
it.
Mike
aka BTMe62