Only on British carriers as far as I recall. US and Japanese carriers didn't use catapults, but their fleet carriers were significantly larger than British fleet carriers.
All of the US Carriers had them.
2x on some of the Essex class CV's, 1x on others.
1x on CVL's
1x on CVE's (They about had to have them to launch the heavy Avengers).
Yorktown Class CV's even had one on the Hangar deck and could launch them out the side of the ship! This was later removed though to save weight.
The USS Essex recovering a TBM on the bow while steaming in reverse....
(Image removed from quote.)
Bit of triva for you - did you know ENTERPRISE (as well as the other Yorktown CV's) were designed to go almost as fast astern as they could go ahead? Onpther reason for their Bow arrestor wires.
<S>!