I am guessing the first hop is at the ISP's network edge just before the gateway to the U.S. east coast.  Limited routes are available at that point.  If I recall, there are three transatlantic routes, at that point.  Two are land based, the other is satellite based.
His ISP's choice of Level3 for their transport is a bottleneck.  They have limited bandwidth, and oversell the connection by a large margin, but they are cheap.
A VPN is not going to help, in this case.  Once you hit the threshold of the bandwidth limit, everything goes to crap.