A post-war study of U.S. 50 cal ammo found that only API (armor piercing incendiary) was effective at bringing down enemy aircraft. This is because it tended to ignite the potential energy stores on enemy aircraft (ammunition, fuel, bombs, drop tanks, etc). The balance of the other ammo had to hit a critical object (pilot, weight supporting member) to be effective.
This study is cited in "Dirty Little Secrets of World War II".