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Yes, they did, but not nearly so easily or frequently. If fighters had been this effective against tanks the world's militaries would have given up on tanks and just built massive airforces.
The number of Panther Vs disabled by 20mm cannon in the month after D-Day can be counted on one hand.
Bombs and rockets (bombs in particular) were the big threat to tanks from aircraft, and even then the vast, vast majority missed and did nothing. Rockets had something like a 1 in 200 kill rate, 1 kill for every 200 rockets fired.
Big guns like those carried by the Il-2 (37mm), Ju87G (37mm),Hurricane IId (40mm), Mosquito XVIII (57mm) had a chance of destroying a tank, but even then the chance was so low that the RAF transferred the 57mm equipped Mosquitoes to the Coastal Command to be used against German shipping and U-Boats due to lack of effect.
The Browning 50 cal has a muzzle velocity of 880m per second and 17,800 joules at the muzzle.
The Hispano MkII 20mm has a muzzle velocity of 880m per second and 50,300 joules at the muzzle.
The NS-37 37mm (Yak-9T and Il-2 gun) has a muzzle velocity of 900m per second and 298,000 joules at the muzzle.
The Vickers S Class 40mm (Hurri IID gun) has a muzzle velocity of 615m per second and 214,000 joules at the muzzle.
The Molins 6 pdr 57mm gun (Mosquito XVIII gun) has a muzzle velocity of 790m per second and 989,000 joules at the muzzle.
...And the RAF found the Molins gun too weak to be useful, in a meaningful way, against German tanks.
Trust me, the Browning 50 was a great gun, but it wasn't a tank killer.