Here is some information that Fuller picked up at the Public Records Office in London and shared with me.
The British did a lot of testing of various rounds (.303, Hispano, Mg151) and here are some of the results.
This is from:
Orfordness Research Station
Firing Trials of 20mm HS Ammunition
July 1942
When the British tested the Hispano (for example) they created mock He-111 fuselages and wings. In one test they fired a variety of HS rounds at HE-111 wing tanks from 200 yards dead astern. In the “simulated wing” the rounds had to penetrate a couple of layers of thin aluminum followed by a either a layer of mild steel sheet or a piece of homogeneous armor 6mm-14mm thick. In other tests they simulated penetrating “heavy aircraft structure” by shooting the rounds through several layers of aluminum, 4 layers of mild steel and then 8mm of armor.
The British seemed to think that penetration was very very important.
They also tested the Mg151 HE and HE/I tracer rounds in.
Orfordness Research Station
Firing Trials with new type German 20mm High Explosive and High Explosive Incendiary tracer ammunition taken from Me 109 F2 aircraft.
September 1941
They fired HE and HE/I-T rounds at:
(a) A Blenheim main fuel tank almost filled with petrol mounted in a Blenheim wing.
(b) A Blenheim wing only.
(c) Face hardened armour plate (Hadfield’s, I.T. 60), thickness 8.5mm, mounted normal to the line of fire 1 foot behind a sheet of Perspex, also normal to the line of fire.
(d) Face hardened armour Plate (Hadfield’s, I.T. 60), of various thicknesses, attacked directly
(e) Homogenous hard armour Plate (W. Beardmore & CO., I.T. 70) of various thicknesses, attacked directly.
The test results were that: The HE/I ammo was pretty good at starting fires in self-sealing thanks that were not protected by armor. Both types of rounds fused upon hitting the Perspex (canopy glass) and the resulting fragments had very little penetrating capability. Finally the armor piercing capabilities of these rounds were unimpressive when hitting armor plate directly.
WELL DUH! These are HE rounds. When you compare them the Hispano AP rounds that cheerfully bore their way through 4 layers of mild steel and then a plate of face-hardened armor, their penetration is not likely to appear impressive.
From what I can tell, the Germans concentrated on using explosive content to kill aircraft. The British (and the US) concentrated on penetrating deep within the aircraft. Both methods clearly have their merits. Germans used AP/I and Incendiary rounds in their standard beltings. I’m sure they were there for a reason.
Hooligan