"Battles at Coral Sea and Midway? All American carriers lost in those battles had torpedo damage? Just asking because I never even thought to look that up."
USS Langley (February '42,technically not a carrier at this point, and certainly not big as it was about the size of a CVE) was disabled by bomb damage. Its escorting destroyers scuttled it with torpedoes.
USS Lexington (Coral Sea) was damaged by the Japanese, then fires raged out of control because of gas fumes. USN topedoed it to get rid of it so that the fires wouldn't act as a beacon for the Japanese. It probably could have been saved.
USS Yorktown (Midway) was bombed and torpedoed and abandoned pematurely; it stayed adrift for several days until a Japanese submarine put a few more torps into it (it also sank a destroyer which was close by). Yorktown definately could have been saved had salavage operations been more than half-baked.
USS Hornet (Santa Cruz) almost defies the imagination. First, it took about 6 bomb hits, 2 topedoes, and a suicide plane hit from the Japanese. USN decided to scuttle it; destroyers shot 5 more torpedoes into it. It wouldn't sink. Destroyers closed to point-blank range and fired away with their 5-inch guns until they ran out of ammo (400-500 rounds); Honet still wouldn't sink. USN just left it adrift in the middle of the ocean. The Japanese found it and tried to tow it but Hornet refused to move so they fired another 4 torpedoes into it--Hornet finally went down. It probably could have been saved.
USS Wasp (Guadalcanal) was torpedoed by a Japanese submarine and sank (quite quickly I might add). This is the only big US CV that the Japanese sank without USN help.
USS Princeton (Leyte) was hit by a Kamikaze and ended up blazing stem to stern--but still on an even keel. USN torpedoed it to so the fires wouldn't provide the Japanese with a beacon. This one wouldn't have been worth saving but probably could have been.
That's all the big CV's the US lost duing WW2. A few smaller ships, like CVE Gambier Bay (Leyte), were lost due to other factors like naval gunfire.
J_A_B