you don't have to land on the SAME carrier, field, etc that you took off from.
All that matters is that you get a successful landing.  
It could be at a port, v-base, airfield, or carrier.  
Just gota be on concrete.  
Ditch, death, or capture you will lose the perks.  (f4f doesn't cost perks btw)
(can you land at strat fields?  I have not tried that in years so I forget)
re: the AR234 you have to pay those perks PER plane, and I am suspecting you had the FORMATIONS ENABLED box checked.  So you would have needed 181 perks (or so) to take off 3 AR234's.  You prob. could have unchecked the box and just launched a single.