Two aircraft of equal weight and thrust will have similar acceleration at low speed, but if one of them has much lower wing loading it will climb better. Acceleration also vary with speed if the two aircraft have different drag properties. Climb rate and acceleration are not always a linear equation, and never 100% so.
A good example is the Spitfire IIa with a constant-speed propeller and a 1,175 hp Merlin XII engine, and 109E-4 with a 1,175 hp Daimler Benz DB 601Aa engine. With equal engine power the Spitfire out climbs the 109, despite being heavier. However the 109 out accelerates the Spitfire in level flight at low to medium altitudes, but at high altitudes the Spitfire's wings again give it the edge also in acceleration.
So in a comparison between a lighter, less powerful plane with glider like wings (Ta 152) against a powerful, heavy, stubby-winged aircraft (P-47) there is no such thing as a linear equation of anything; there are too many variables.