It's been around for decades. The card numbers are stolen/swiped numbers and have to be used quickly before the owner reports the card stolen or the issuing bank notices the fraudulent pattern.
Pizza delivery and restaurants get these scams all the time. For example, they get a huge order and are told to charge thousands extra and keep half of it for their trouble in fulfilling the order, and deposit a portion of the overage to an account. Any retail business with a merchant account gets hit with these kinds of scams.
Ironically, many of the cc numbers and names come from restaurants. The servers get paid by a runner every night for every name with cc number they turn over from their customers that evening.
Does the scam work? Of course. Just like anything else, it's a numbers game. The callers keep going until they find someone who does it and they find people every single day. A hit rate of 3% from a boiler room can bring in $10,000 per caller per day.
In many cases, the card owner never knows that it happened because the banks shut down the transactions that they know are fraudulent. The banks/cc processors know that it will only be tried on fresh cc numbers for a day or two and they know the patterns. It's a secret within the industry. The banks and cc companies don't talk about it because the volume of fraudulent cc transactions is staggering in total, but the losses are spread out among all the users and merchants in the fees they charge. Naive/greedy merchants get stuck with most of the ones that go through and most eat most of the losses because they're too embarrassed to talk about it after they figure it out.