I know we have some guys on here who are great with math. I used to be better but I don't use it now that I'm not in school so I'm a bit rusty. I remember in college trig that there was a way to find how many degrees were in the arch of a circle between two points on the circle. There was a formula to figure that out.
What I'm trying to do is figure out how many degrees between two points on the earths surface. Since it's the earth I know the math won't be exact since it's not a perfect sphere. After I find this out I want to figure to draw a straight line between the two points and measure how far it is between that line on the farthest point of the arch above it. Much like this:

I've used what math I can remember and determined x to be about 226.14 ft if the length of the straight line between those two points is 571.41 miles. As I said before this is not exactly what it is on the earth, but rather a perfect sphere. Can anyone who knows the formula check this to see if I'm even close or point me in the right direction to the formula?