I don't believe we did. Just putting the theory to the test.
If evolving is improving out of necessity or for some natural advantage, then how come the inferior species A. didn't evolve and B. still exists? Survival of the fittest doesn't seem to always apply if we did come from them.
You're right, that doesn't make sense. But that's not how evolution works. That's a lie someone told you so that you wouldn't understand evolution and just give up on it.
Also, there's no such thing as an inferior species, there are just species specialized for different environments.
the prediction of base elements is an easier exercise in logic than the evolution of a species. the number of variables is finite unlike the variables of the evolutionary process.
Maybe in hindsight, maybe with the complete periodic table. But with a very incomplete table? At a time when no one even considered it?
Especially when we had practically no idea the structure of matter at time. There certainly was no finite number of variables, because people didn't even know that the elements were governed by anything. In fact, I would say that it was even less obvious than evolution- which can be exemplified by the fact that Mendeleev's first periodic table was published a full 10 years after Darwin's Origin of Species.
there has been a lot of generous extrapolation to fill in the picture due to the lack of full fledged evidence. a single jaw bone or finger bone does not make a species nor does it show the evolution of that species to its end point. the amount of pure conjecture that has been used (and readily accepted) to explain the evolution of humans is astounding.
There are full skeletons, and lots of full skulls that show predicted properties of pre-homo sapiens species at various points throughout the past four million years or so, so I'm not sure what point your point actually is here. We don't just have 'jaw bones and finger bones', of 'random isolated animals' but you can pretend that if it fits in better with your world view. There is quite a big fossil record for Australopithecus, just for example.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils