I am guessing the first hop is at the ISP's network edge just before the gateway to the U.S. east coast. Limited routes are available at that point. If I recall, there are three transatlantic routes, at that point. Two are land based, the other is satellite based.
His ISP's choice of Level3 for their transport is a bottleneck. They have limited bandwidth, and oversell the connection by a large margin, but they are cheap.
A VPN is not going to help, in this case. Once you hit the threshold of the bandwidth limit, everything goes to crap.