This occurs when the bridge doesn't extend far enough beyond the point where the GV reaches land.
For the builder (info here), the bridge must extend far beyond the shoreline, else, it has the problem stated above. The fix is to add buried segments, starting with ~165 feet+ and test.
It's usually only noticeable when approaching the far side of the water body but ymmv.
Oh, and if you hit a barrier, it's usually the same or similar problem, not extending far enough underground. Any abrupt transition from a terrain to an object can cause varying degrees of stall or complete inability to mount the bridge.
Your workaround is to use reverse. You can sometimes back onto a bridge that can't be driven onto in forward gear.