As has been noted in this thread already, your employer cannot say anything that would/could prevent you from getting another job. If you find out that they did, even if it was unintentional, you can trounce on them.
Some job applications will ask if you have ever been fired from a job and why. I'm not sure what the ruling is if you refuse to answer, but in your case you can butter-up your story enough so it doesn't sound all that bad. Just never say anything bad about management because that's who you are talking to during an interview

You might want to research what can and can't be asked during an interview and go in with that knowledge.
If your handbook does mention vulger language as a terminatable offense, then there is not a lot you can do. You
might heve been able to drag that payroll chick down with you by lodging a complaint of your own (seems as though she caused you some serious emotional distress, resulting in your unintended reaction), but it sounds like too much time has gone by for that.
Overall, since we only have the one story, it seems as though you are being fired in order to avoid any further action from the clerk. Normally, the longer a person has worked (in excess of 90 days), the more documented (the d-word is important) incidents of misbehavior, etc. it would take before they could get fired, but that in itself is relative. They can always hold up the handbook and point to the rule that you broke. Law in the workplace is really weird and always open to interpretation/loopholes/opinion.
Personally I'd just move on. Find somebody that you worked for/with at that job to write you a letter of recommendation.