Sounds like a cracked block to me... If your antifreeze was old, the cold temps could have frozen your coolant. When was the last time you checked the quality of your antifreeze and it's freezing point? If the answer is never, then whoever built your engine may have cheaped out on the antifreeze and used too high a percentage of water in the mix.
One way to check (but not a guaranteed indicator) is to check for water in the oil and oil in the radiator. If the oil comes out brownish and foamy, it's got water in it and you're screwed.
It sounds bad... liquid on the back, oil spattered up into the air filter, and engine running poorly, after the first really cold day in years... Bad.