Thanks Virgil, the Economist is a well respected magazine. I'll have a look see through the back issues and see what I can dig up on this.
Yes, the issue only became 'news' when the pictures were published and the military were investigating before that. I wonder, though, whether those investigations were prompted (at least in part) by the fact that the Red Cross and AA were publishing reports on the abuses. I believe that it was partly or mainly those reports that
forced the army to investigate.
As to whether this was something sanctioned by the administration, here's what I think (and I'm amazed this hasn't been discussed on the BBS - or if it has, I missed it).
One of the first rules of politics is 'plausible deniability' (I think that is the term). If a political leader wants to conduct an operation which will have nasty repercussions if it becomes public, he does not expressly authorise the operation. He authorises it by implication and there is invariably no record of the conversation.
For example:
Army General: 'Well sir, these prisoners may have valuable information which will save the lives of our troops'.
Policitcal Leader: 'General, the lives of our troops are of paramount importance and I
mean paramount. I want you to do
everything you can to get that information.'
The General then has a similar conversation with his subordinate and so on down the chain. Of course, when questioned on the subject, the people near the top of the ladder can quite legitimately say that they never authorised or knew about the torture. However, the message they give to their subordinates is clear. That is 'plausible deniability'.
It was a long time ago, and I may be mistaken about this, but I think the Oliver North / Contra affair was an example of this in American politics.
Plausible deniability is giving someone authority to do something 'wrong' but making it clear it will be them, not you, who are going to be hung out to dry if the situation becomes public.
Ravs
[edit] did a google. Good article on plausible deniability
here