Nilsen, your Russian scenario is a bit different. Their nukes are remnants of the cold war and the USSR is no longer. If this had happened during the cold war then yes, they are responsible as their ideology bred the hatred that led to that attack. However, I might be inclined to listen to what the Russian's of today offered as recompense before firing on all of their cities. In their case it would have to include the complete destruction of their nuclear arsenal.
Many of the middle eastern countries today are much like the USSR in their animosity towards the west and more specifically the US. If that ill will leads to such a monstrous attack then yes, all those sharing that hatred share in the responsibility.