LOL Quit looking at 1st SF birds. The stripes on the background bird are the height of the other N2 kites I've shown you. The image of Dana Kaya damaged was taken while with the 364th not after it went to 1st SF
1) The 1st SF airplanes tell you what the 364th planes looked like before they were transferred. The 5B was NOT overpainted. In fact, 1st SF appears to have kept the striping that was in place when the aircraft were transferred.
2) I have also shown multiple 364th airplanes with stripes that in no way match yours.
3) 364th had P-51B, C, D, and K. Ds started with D-5-NAs (your screenshot even shows some non-fillet D models with N2). The airplane in question is a D-5. It was almost-certainly in the early batch of arrivals prior to the semi-standardized depot striping you advocate.
Again, this is all conjecture. Nobody is right or wrong until we have a photo that shows it.
This is a forensics investigation at this point. We are trying to connect dots. It is not a matter of what we want it to be but rather what it WAS.