a) ME109
consequent light construction, small sizes, strong engine, good aerodynamcis. First design where speed and climb was considered more important than turning, though it turned quite good for the wingload. A radical break-through in aircraft design. New application of high-tech, like slats, forward-rearward cooling flaps, trimmable stabi. In other aspects very archaic, though
b)FW190
True multirole function. Highly flexible. Compare it to todays effort for multi-rold aircrafts under the aegis of the JSF. Jabo, fighter, with various Rüstsätze, nightchase, longrange, shortrange, reconaissance. Very easy to control for the pilot, who can bring his full attention to the situation happening around him-ergonomics, very important today. "Electrical aircraft" pioneer. Nearly all subsystems operated though a 24V system. Pioneer in radio equipment like two-way VHF radio, FuG25a Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) radar transponder or FuG 10P radio direction finder, FuG 217 Neptun, FuG 350 Nexus... . Excellent flight controls, a new level especially in aileron control. very easy to maintain and supportable in the field. Designed for efficient decentral production. First application of a jettinsonable hood. One of the first applications of a short-span wide chord prop, later to become a common feature on modern turbo-props.
c)Me262
Demonstration of speed and climb, or better, the introduction of a new age. Enough said
d) P51 - the importance of range was demonstrated, including the importance of "excellent" aerodynamics instead of "good".
For the last one i have already problems speaking about "influence". It used rather primitive weapons, and numbers were more important than innovative technics. I also thought about B17, B24, B29, but looking at the precise bombing from safe altitude today i can´t say that their carpet bombing on cities influenced the development very much. On the other hand carpet bombing was used in Vietnam and Irak.
e) Fiesler Storch. First STOL-aircraft

niklas